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Table 1 Discriminant functiona coefficients from MANOVA analysis of surface and crown fuel variables from 2 to 32 years post-MPB epidemic initiation in lodgepole pine stands of south-central Oregon, USA. aDiscriminant functions are represented as DF-1 surface, DF-2 surface, DF-1 crown, and DF-2 crown. bLarger values indicate stronger relationships. cCoefficient used in simplified multivariate composite to test significance using ANOVA

From: Beyond red crowns: complex changes in surface and crown fuels and their interactions 32 years following mountain pine beetle epidemics in south-central Oregon, USA

Variables for DF-1 surface

Standardized DF-1 surface coefficients b

Variables for DF-2 surface

Standardized DF-2 surface coefficients b

100-h fuel load

0.69c

10-h fuel load

−1.02c

Fuel bed depth

0.56c

100-h fuel load

0.69c

1000-h fuel load

0.46c

Fuel bed depth

0.56c

Herbaceous fuel load

−0.24

1000-h fuel load

0.46c

Duff biomass

−0.24

1-h fuel load

0.39

Litter biomass

−0.20

Duff biomass

−0.24

1-h fuel load

−0.04

Litter biomass

−0.20

10-h fuel load

0.03

Live woody biomass

−0.06

Live woody biomass

−0.06

Herbaceous fuel load

−0.02

Composite effect size

0.28

Composite effect size

0.13

Variables for DF-1 crown

Standardized DF-1 crown coefficients b

Variables for DF-2 crown

Standardized DF-2 crown coefficients b

Dead basal area

−1.28c

Canopy bulk density

1.50c

Overstory canopy closure

0.29c

Live basal area

−1.21c

Live basal area

0.28c

Canopy height

0.65c

Canopy base height

0.16

Overstory canopy closure

0.38

Canopy height

0.09

Canopy base height

−0.19

Canopy bulk density

0.01

Dead basal area

0.07

Composite effect size

0.46

Composite effect size

0.19