Table 1 Live herbaceous (LH) and find dead (FD) fuel load scenarios for mixed grass prairie by half-season under two simulated cool-season grass (P. pratensis) invasion scenarios. These proportions were based on fuel data collected in 2017 and 2018 from a P. pratensis-invaded grassland at the Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, Streeter, North Dakota, USA, located in the center of the northern Great Plains study area (Fig. 1). Fuel loads were calculated from these ratios based on a total of 4.4 t ha−1 in early spring to early summer, and 4.5 t ha−1 in late summer and early fall to account for growth