Fig. 6

Number of fires (orange bars), tree-ring width index as a proxy of rainfall (dotted line), and tree establishment (black bars) in (a) fir forest (sites dominated by A. religiosa), (b) mixed pine–fir forest (sites codominated by both P. pseudostrobus and A. religiosa), and (c) pine forest (sites dominated by P. pseudostrobus), in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, as of 2015. Tree-ring width values above the continous black line (mean = 1) indicate wet conditions, and below indicate dry conditions. After 1990, age structure is unknown because only trees with diameter ≥25 cm at 1.3 m height were sampled at the time of data collection