| Permutation ANOVA | Tukey multiple comparisons | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor variables | 2008 | 2016 | Groups | 2008 | 2016 | |||||
F | P | F | P | Mean ± SE | Tukey HSD | Mean ± SE | Tukey HSD | |||
Shrub cover (%) | Treat | 1.6 | 0.215 | 8.0 | 0.006 | T-low | 0.9 (0.4) | – | 5.8 (1.6) | b |
Sev | 3.3 | 0.074 | 10.9 | 0.002 | T-high | 0.0 (0.0) | – | 19.1 (8.6) | a | |
Treat:Sev | 0.6 | 0.445 | 1.6 | 0.216 | U-low | 2.6 (1.8) | – | 1.2 (0.5) | b | |
 |  |  |  |  | U-high | 0.4 (0.2) | – | 7.2 (2.1) | ab | |
Graminoid cover (%) | Treat | 0.5 | 0.500 | 0.2 | 0.634 | T-low | 5.7 (1.3) | – | 13.2 (1.2) | b |
Sev | 3.1 | 0.085 | 4.0 | 0.049 | T-high | 0.2 (0.2) | - | 12.2 (1.5) | b | |
Treat:Sev | 1.2 | 0.282 | 6.4 | 0.014 | U-low | 4.9 (1.8) | – | 9.1 (1.3) | b | |
 |  |  |  |  | U-high | 3.6 (1.3) | – | 18.1 (1.6) | a | |
Forb cover (%) | Treat | 0.2 | 0.624 | 1.5 | 0.223 | T-low | 8.7 (1.6) | – | 11.0 (1.1) | ab |
Sev | 2.0 | 0.161 | 4.3 | 0.043 | T-high | 2.2 (0.9) | – | 12.4 (2.4) | ab | |
Treat:Sev | 1.0 | 0.313 | 1.5 | 0.230 | U-low | 7.3 (3.4) | – | 6.8 (1.2) | a | |
 |  |  |  |  | U-high | 6.2 (1.7) | – | 12.4 (1.2) | b | |
Invasive species cover (%) | Treat | 0.4 | 0.51 | 0.2 | 0.672 | T-low | 0.0 (0.0) | – | 1.2 (0.4) | a |
Sev | 0.4 | 0.51 | 9.6 | 0.003 | T-high | 0.0 (0.0) | – | 4.7 (2.5) | ab | |
Treat:Sev | 0.4 | 0.51 | 0.0 | 0.996 | U-low | 0.0 (0.0) | – | 0.7 (0.5) | ab | |
 |  |  |  |  | U-high | 0.3 (0.3) | – | 4.2 (1.1) | b | |
Moss–lichen–fungi cover (%) | Treat | 0.0 | 0.874 | 2.3 | 0.135 | T-low | 2.5 (1.7) | – | 2.2 (0.3) | - |
Sev | 1.0 | 0.315 | 4.0 | 0.049 | T-high | 0.2 (0.2) | – | 1.7 (0.4) | - | |
Treat:Sev | 0.0 | 0.892 | 1.1 | 0.297 | U-low | 2.5 (1.8) | – | 3.7 (1.0) | - | |
 |  |  |  |  | U-high | 0.8 (0.4) | – | 1.9 (0.3) | - |