Fig. 1

Depiction of treatment implementation effects on canopy closure (%) and live tree basal area (m² ha⁻¹) during (2008 to 2016) oak woodland and savanna restoration experiments at three sites located across the Mid-South: Catoosa Wildlife Management Area (Tennessee, USA), Green River Game Lands (North Carolina, USA), and Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area (Tennessee, USA). Treatments included unmanaged stands, burn only in the spring or fall, and combinations of thinning to 14 m² ha⁻¹ (woodland) or 7 m² ha⁻¹ (savanna) residual basal area with March (spring) or October (fall) fire. Error bars represent ±1 standard error of the mean