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Fig. 3 | Fire Ecology

Fig. 3

From: Litter to glitter: promoting herbaceous groundcover and diversity in mid-southern USA oak forests using canopy disturbance and fire

Fig. 3

Differences in herbaceous response (top row: species richness, forb and graminoid groundcover, and diversity as indicated by Shannon-Wiener Index) and additional groundcover measures (bottom row: woody, leaf litter, debris, and bare groundcover) in the final year of monitoring (2016) oak woodland and savanna restoration experiments at three sites located across the Mid-South: Catoosa Wildlife Management Area (Tennessee, USA), Green River Game Lands (North Carolina, USA), and Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area (Tennessee, USA). Treatments included unmanaged oak forests, burn only in spring or fall, and savanna (7 m2 ha−1) or woodland (14 m2 ha−1) residual basal area paired with spring (March) or fall (October) fire. Lowercase letters represent significant (α = 0.05) differences by LSD mean separation following significant ANCOVA and ANOVA tests (Table 2). Please also consult Table 3 for significant orthogonal contrasts. Error bars represent ±1 standard error of the mean

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