Table 1 Variables affecting hazelnut basketry stem production one growing season post-burn (2015 to 2019) in Karuk and Yurok territory, northwestern California, USA. Results of a Wald Type III Chi Square test (χ²) on the significance of ungulate shrub browse proportion, pre-burn total stems, burn season (winter, spring, summer, and fall), and aspect class (east, southeast, south, southwest, and west) on basketry stem production generated from a negative-binomial generalized linear mixed model. Aspect classes included east (67.5° to 112.5°); southeast (112.5° to 157.5°); south (157.5° to 202.5°); southwest (202.5° to 247.5°); and west (247.5° to 292.5°). Only shrubs located in southern aspects (n = 124, estimated marginal x̄ = 13.62, SE = 0.99) produced significantly different stems compared with those found in eastern aspects (n = 56, estimated marginal x̄ = 8.01, SE = 1.23). Shrubs burned in the winter (n = 42, estimated marginal x̄ = 15.54, SE = 1.73) produced 1.67-fold greater basketry stems than shrubs burned in the spring (n = 55, estimated marginal x̄ = 9.32, SE = 1.05, P < 0.01), and 1.43-fold greater basketry stems than shrubs burned in the fall (n = 113, estimated marginal x̄ = 10.89, SE = 0.92, P < 0.05). No other seasonal comparisons exhibited significant differences, and burn char height, dominant overstory tree, canopy closure, annual precipitation, elevation, and slope did not exhibit strong effects on basketry stem production and were removed from the model. Hazelnut shrub plots (n = 30; 400 m²) are set as random effects. df = degree of freedom

From: Revitalized Karuk and Yurok cultural burning to enhance California hazelnut for basketweaving in northwestern California, USA