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Fire Ecology
Fig. 8 | Fire Ecology

Fig. 8

From: Modeling sub-boreal forest canopy bulk density in Minnesota, USA, using synthetic aperture radar and optical satellite sensor data

Fig. 8

Example photos of conifer ladder fuels (primarily balsam fir, Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) taken by Patricia J. Johnson in 2016 within the Gunflint Ranger District of the Superior National Forest, Minnesota, USA, under a mixed conifer–broadleaf overstory and b pure broadleaf overstory. One goal of this research was to determine the impact of coniferous surface and lower canopy fuels on satellite-based detection and mapping of canopy bulk density (CBD; kg m−3) in this region using indirect measurements of CBD as ground truth

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