Fig. 3

a Total number of overstory individuals by genus for 1996 pre-treatment plots and 2006 and 2019 burned and unburned plots. Relative frequency by species was as follows: Quercus: 75% northern red oak, black oak, or hybrid; 18% white oak (Quercus alba L.); 7% scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Münchh). Carya: 50% shagbark hickory; 50% pignut or mockernut hickory. Pinus: 100% white pine. Fraxinus: 100% white ash. Acer: 81% sugar maple; 16% red maple; 3% striped maple. Betula: 98% sweet birch, 2% yellow birch. Boxplots depicting overstory b basal area and c DBH for 1996 pre-treatment plots and for 2006 and 2019 burned and unburned plots. The boxplot center line corresponds to the median, the box covers the interquartile range, and the whiskers extend to 1.5 times the interquartile range. Asterisk indicates a significant difference to α = .05 with respect to burn treatment using pooled 2006 and 2019 data (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA). Dagger symbol indicates a significant difference to α = .05 with respect to year (nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA). Data were collected at the Yale-Myers Research and Demonstration Forest, Eastford, CT, USA