Fig. 3

Needle retention (%, ± SEM) of recently killed trees over time by species (A) and total snags broken below 1.37 m (%) by snag age and species (B). Singleleaf pinyon data are from the Los Padres National Forest site. Data from all other species are from Sierra National Forest site. Snag age beyond 5 years was estimated based on snag decay classes. No snag older than 6 years had any needles remaining. No snags older than 7 years (year of mortality = 2012) were included. No red fir snags had fallen by end of the study period in 2019