Table 2 Graminoid, forb, and shrub species listed by scientific names, common names, status (N = native, I = introduced), primary regeneration strategy (NS = nonsurvivor; OC = off-site colonizer; SR = survivor rhizome; RC = residual colonizer; SRCB = survivor taproot, caudex, or bulb), and source for regeneration strategy information. All nomenclature is consistent with the USDA Plants Database (USDA 2014).

Graminoids

Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth

Thurber’s needlegrass

N

SRCB

FEIS

Agrostis scabra Willd.

rough bentgrass

N

OC

S&C 2000

Alopecurus L. spp.

foxtail

N

OC

FEIS

Apera interrupta (L.) P. Beauv.

dense silkybent

I

OC

Burke Museum

Bromus L. spp.

brome

N/I

OC

FEIS

Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn.

California brome

N

OC

FEIS

Bromus tectorum L.

cheatgrass

I

OC

S&C 2000

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv.

bluejoint

N

SR

FEIS

Calamagrostis rubescens Buckley

pinegrass

N

SR

S&C 2000

Carex L. spp.

sedge

N

RC

S&C 2000

Carex concinnoides Mack.

northwestern sedge

N

SR

Burke Museum

Carex geyeri Boott

Geyer’s sedge

N

SR

S&C 2000

Carex rossii Boott

Ross’ sedge

N

RC

S&C 2000

Dactylis glomerata L.

orchardgrass

I

OC

S&C 2000

Danthonia unispicata (Thurb.) Munro ex Macoun

onespike danthonia

N

OC

FEIS

Elymus glaucus Buckley

blue wildrye

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Festuca campestris Rydb.

rough fescue

N

SRCB

FEIS

Festuca idahoensis Elmer

Idaho fescue

N

SRCB

FEIS

Hordeum jubatum L.

foxtail barley

N

OC

FEIS

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult.

prairie Junegrass

N

SRCB

FEIS

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx.

roughleaf ricegrass

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Phleum pratense L.

timothy

I

OC

S&C 2000

Poa bulbosa L.

bulbous bluegrass

I

SRCB

FEIS

Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey

Wheeler bluegrass

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Poa secunda J. Presl

Sandberg bluegrass

N

SRCB

FEIS

Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve

bluebunch wheatgrass

N

SRCB

FEIS

Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.

meadow fescue

I

SR

Burke Museum

Forbs

Achillea millefolium L.

common yarrow

N/I

OC

S&C 2000

Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd.

red baneberry

N

SRCB

FEIS

Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze

nettleleaf giant hyssop

N

OC

USDA Plants

Agoseris Raf. spp.

agoseris

N

OC

S&C 2000

Allium L. spp.

onion

N/I

SRCB

S&C 2000

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.

western pearly everlasting

N

OC

S&C 2000

Anemone piperi Britton ex Rydb.

Piper’s anemone

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Antennaria Gaertn. spp.

pussytoes

N

OC

S&C 2000

Apocynum androsaemifolium L.

spreading dogbane

N

SR

S&C 2000

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop.

hairy rockcress

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Arabis holboellii Hornem.

Holboell’s rockcress

N

OC

S&C 2000

Arabis sparsiflora Nutt.

sicklepod rockcress

N

OC

Burke Museum

Arenaria congesta Nutt.

ballhead sandwort

N

OC

S&C 2000

Arnica cordifolia Hook.

heartleaf arnica

N

SR

S&C 2000

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.

white sagebrush

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Astragalus L. spp.

milkvetch

N/I

SRCB

S&C 2000

Besseya rubra (Douglas ex Hook.) Rydb.

red besseya

N

SR

Kershaw et al. 1998

Brassica L. spp.

mustard

I

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Calochortus apiculatus Baker

pointedtip mariposa lily

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

shepherd’s purse

I

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub

fireweed

N

OC

S&C 2000

Circaea alpina L.

small enchanter’s nightshade

N

NS

Kershaw et al. 1998

Cirsium Mill. spp.

thistle

N/I

OC

S&C 2000

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Canada thistle

I

OC

S&C 2000

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.

bull thistle

I

OC

S&C 2000

Clarkia pulchella Pursh

pinkfairies

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd.

miner’s lettuce

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Collinsia grandiflora Lindl.

giant blue eyed Mary

N

RC

S&C 2000

Collomia linearis Nutt.

tiny trumpet

N

RC

S&C 2000

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist

Canadian horseweed

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Crepis elegans Hook.

elegant hawksbeard

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Cryptantha Lehm. ex G. Don spp.

cryptantha

N

UNK

Cynoglossum officinale L.

gypsyflower

I

RC

FEIS

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb.

lesser yellow lady’s slipper

N

OC

FEIS

Delphinium bicolor Nutt.

little larkspur

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr.

darkthroat shootingstar

N

OC

S&C 2000

Draba verna L.

spring draba

I

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Epilobium L. spp.

willowherb

N

OC

S&C 2000

Erigeron L. spp.

fleabane

N/I

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Eriogonum Michx. spp.

buckwheat

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Erysimum capitatum (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene

sanddune wallflower

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh

yellow avalanche-lily

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Eurybia conspicua (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom

western showy aster

N

SR

S&C 2000

Fragaria vesca L.

woodland strawberry

N

SR

FEIS

Frasera speciosa Douglas ex Griseb.

elkweed

N

SR

FEIS

Galium boreale L.

northern bedstraw

N

NS

FEIS

Galium triflorum Michx.

fragrant bedstraw

N

NS

S&C 2000

Geum triflorum Pursh

old man’s whiskers

N

SR

FEIS

Goodyera oblongifolia Raf.

western rattlesnake plantain

N

NS

S&C 2000

Hackelia Opiz spp.

stickseed

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Heuchera L. spp.

alumroot

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Hieracium albiflorum Hook

white hawkweed

N

RC

FEIS

Hieracium scouleri Hook. var. albertinum (Farr) G.W. Douglas & G.A. Allen

Scouler’s woollyweed

N

OC

S&C 2000

Hydrophyllum capitatum Douglas ex Benth.

ballhead waterleaf

N

SR

Kershaw et al. 1998

Iliamna rivularis (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene

streambank wild hollyhock

N

RC

S&C 2000

Iris missouriensis Nutt.

Rocky Mountain iris

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Lactuca serriola L.

prickly lettuce

I

OC

S&C 2000

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.

oxeye daisy

I

SR

Kershaw et al. 1998

Linnaea borealis L.

twinflower

N

NS

S&C 2000

Lithophragma parviflorum (Hook.) Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray

smallflower woodland-star

N

SR

Museum

Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance

fernleaf biscuitroot

N

RC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Lupinus L. spp.

lupine

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Luzula campestris (L.) DC.

field woodrush

I

RC

S&C 2000

Madia Molina spp.

tarweed

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link

starry false lily of the valley

N

SR

FEIS

Mitella breweri A. Gray

Brewer’s miterwort

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Mitella stauropetala Piper

smallflower miterwort

N

SR

FEIS

Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl

bluntleaf sandwort

N

SR

USDA Plants

Nemophila breviflora A. Gray

basin nemophila

N

SRCB

Burke Museum

Nothocalais troximoides (A. Gray) Greene

sagebrush false dandelion

N

SRCB

Burke Museum

Oenothera villosa Thunb.

hairy evening primrose

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Olsynium douglasii (A. Dietr.) E.P. Bicknell

Douglas’ grasswidow

N

UNK

Burke Museum

Orthilia secunda (L.) House

sidebells wintergreen

N

NS

S&C 2000

Osmorhiza berteroi DC.

sweetcicely

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Packera Á. Löve & D. Löve spp.

ragwort

N

SR

Kershaw et al. 1998

Packera streptanthifolia (Greene) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve

Rocky Mountain groundsel

N

SRCB

Burke Museum

Pedicularis L. spp.

lousewort

N

SRCB

Burke Museum

Penstemon Schmidel spp.

beardtongue

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1999

Penstemon glandulosus Douglas

stickystem penstemon

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr.

arctic sweet coltsfoot

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 2000

Phacelia Juss. spp.

phacelia

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Plantago lanceolata L.

narrowleaf plantain

I

SRCB

Burke Museum

Plantago major L.

common plantain

I

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook.

Jacob’s-ladder

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Polygonum douglasii Greene

Douglas’ knotweed

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Potentilla L. spp.

cinquefoil

N/I

SCRB

Burke Museum

Potentilla argentea L.

silver cinquefoil

I

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook.

slender cinquefoil

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Potentilla recta L.

sulphur cinquefoil

I

SRCB

FEIS

Prosartes trachycarpa S. Watson

roughfruit fairybells

N

SR

S&C 2000

Prunella vulgaris L.

common selfheal

N

OC

S&C 2000

Ranunculus L. spp.

buttercup

N/I

SRCB

FEIS

Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don

woodland buttercup

N

SRCB

Burke Museum

Rudbeckia alpicola Piper

showy coneflower

N

SR

Kershaw et al. 1998

Rumex acetosella L.

common sheep sorrel

I

SR

FEIS

Sedum stenopetalum Pursh

wormleaf stonecrop

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Silene L. spp.

catchfly

N/I

SR

S&C 2000

Solidago canadensis L.

Canada goldenrod

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Stellaria L. spp.

starwort

N/I

OC

Burke Museum

Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

common chickweed

I

SR

Kershaw et al. 1998

Tanacetum vulgare L.

common tansy

I

SR

FEIS

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.

common dandelion

I

OC

S&C 2000

Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray

western meadow-rue

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Thelypodium laciniatum (Hook.) Endl. ex Walp.

cutleaf thelypody

N

OC

Kershaw et al. 1998

Tragopogon dubius Scop.

yellow salsify

I

OC

S&C 2000

Tragopogon porrifolius L.

salsify

I

OC

Burke Museum

Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walter) Vail

Carolina bugbane

N

SR

S&C 2000

Trifolium repens L.

white clover

I

OC

S&C 2000

Triteleia grandiflora Lindl.

largeflower triteleia

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1998

Urtica dioica L.

stinging nettle

N/I

SRCB

S&C 2000

Valeriana occidentalis A. Heller

western valerian

N

UNK

USDA Plants

Verbascum thapsus L.

common mullein

I

OC

S&C 2000

Viola L. spp.

violet

N/I

SR

Kershaw et al. 1998

Zigadenus Michx. spp.

deathcamus

N

SRCB

Kershaw et al. 1999

Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald

meadow zizia

N

SRCB

USDA Plants

Shrubs

Acer glabrum Torr.

Rocky Mountain maple

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Alnus Mill. spp.

alder

N

SRCB

FEIS

Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem.

Saskatoon serviceberry

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.

kinnikinnick

N

SRCB

FEIS

Ceanothus velutinus Douglas ex Hook.

snowbrush ceanothus

N

RC

S&C 2000

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C. Barton

pipsissewa

N

NS

S&C 2000

Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don

creeping barberry

N

SR

FEIS

Menziesia ferruginea Sm.

rusty menziesia

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Philadelphus lewisii Pursh

Lewis’ mock orange

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze

mallow ninebark

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Prunus L. spp.

plum

N/I

SRCB

USDA Plants

Prunus emarginata (Douglas ex Hook.) D. Dietr.

bitter cherry

N

SRCB

USDA Plants

Ribes L. spp.

currant

N/I

RC

S&C 2000

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.

prickly currant

N

RC

S&C 2000

Ribes viscosissimum Pursh

sticky currant

N

RC

S&C 2000

Rosa L. spp.

rose

N/I

SRCB

S&C 2000

Rubus L. spp.

blackberry

N/I

RC

S&C 2000

Rubus idaeus L.

American red raspberry

N/I

RC

S&C 2000

Rubus parviflorus Nutt.

thimbleberry

N

SR

S&C 2000

Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook.

Scouler’s willow

N

SRCB

S&C 2000

Sambucus racemosa L.

red elderberry

N

RC

S&C 2000

Spiraea betulifolia Pall.

white spirea

N

SR

S&C 2000

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake

common snowberry

N

SR

S&C 2000

Vaccinium membranaceum Douglas ex Torr.

thinleaf huckleberry

N

SR

S&C 2000

Trees

Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.

grand fir

N

OC

S&C 2000

Larix occidentalis Nutt.

western larch

N

RC

S&C 2000

Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.

Engelmann spruce

N

OC

S&C 2000

Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson

lodgepole pine

N

RC

S&C 2000

Pinus ponderosa Lawson and C. Lawson

ponderosa pine

N

OC

S&C 2000

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco

Douglas-fir

N

OC

S&C 2000