Figure 4From: Fire Effects on Wildlife in the Central Hardwoods and Appalachian Regions, USAEarly growing-season fire in mixed oak stands with a broken canopy will top-kill small woody stems, but the stems sprout back quickly, resulting in little compositional change in the understory (A; the growing season following second fire). However, for forest songbirds that nest and forage in a well-developed understory, as well as wild turkey and white-tailed deer, this type of structure provides good cover (B; second growing season following fourth fire).Back to article page