Table 1 Stand level metrics (mean and SD) for four spruce-fir WSBW outbreak stands located in northern New Mexico, USA. Different letters indicate significant differences between stands using Wilcoxon rank sign test (α < 0.05); no letters indicate no significant differences between stands.

Detected defoliation (yr)

8.7 (3.2)^a

9.7 (0.9)^a

11.6 (2.0)^b

12.2 (1.5)^b

Defoliation (%)

11.0 (4.2)^a

12.8 (3.0)^a

30.7 (17.2)^b

20.5 (7.0)^b

Elevation (m)

3287.6 (44.2)^a

3172.8 (47.1)^b

3114.8 (58.6)^c

3017.4 (21.4)^d

Slope (%)

20.2 (8.3)

16.3 (7.0)

19.8 (10.4)

17.4 (6.7)

Canopy cover (%)

51.3 (15.8)

51.4 (13.1)

57.6 (15.0)

51.5 (17.3)

Aspect (°)

131.4 (120.4)

141.6 (147.0)

126.7 (142.5)

138.1 (6.7)