Figure 3

California black oak (Quercus kelloggii Newberry) sprout clump three years after experiencing a second fire-induced top-kill (complete cambial mortality above root collar) 12 years after the first fire-induced top-kill, in Lassen National Forest. Present in the image is the original tree stem that experienced the first top-kill, center. We also see the shorter and abundant dead stems that are the remnants of the sprout clump that experienced the second top-kill. Lastly, we see the current sprout clump at age three years in the middle of the growing season. Image captured 17 May 2015.