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Table 1a Non-native understory species list with life history (A = annual, B = biennial, P = perennial) and form (G = ramminoid, F = herb) from USDA Plants Database and non-native plant harmfulness rating from California-Integrated Pest Management (CA-IPM) (Bell et al. 2015, USDA NRCS 2016). For each treatment and its season of application, the average plant count is calculated across four experimental units that each have five quadrats that are five square meters in which understory plants were counted by species. Years since treatments 9, 10, and 11 are merged into one year since treatment, 10, for this table. Asterisks (*) were used when standard errors could not be calculated because the species was only present once. Blank space indicates that a plant was not present. CA-IPM harmfulness ratings include the following. H = high: these species have severe ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal and establishment. Most are widely distributed ecologically. M = moderate: these species have substantial and apparent, but generally not severe, ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal, although establishment is generally dependent upon ecological disturbance. Ecological amplitude and distribution may range from limited to widespread. L = limited: these species are invasive but their ecological impacts are minor on a statewide level or there was not enough information to justify a higher score. Their reproductive biology and other attributes result in low to moderate rates of invasiveness. Ecological amplitude and distribution are generally limited, but these species may be locally persistent and problematic.

From: Decade-Long Plant Community Responses to Shrubland Fuel Hazard Reduction

  

Treatment

  

Control

Fire-fall

Fire-spring

Fire-winter

Mastication-fall

Mastication-spring

  

Growing seasons since treatment

  

0

0

2

3

10

0

2

3

10

0

2

3

10

0

2

3

10

0

2

3

10

Scientific name

Life history, form, and ranking

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Average

SE

Aira caryophyllea L.

A, G

140

38

30

20

107

43

80

21

93

83

2

*

40

19

205

87

61

38

  

70

63

14

7

36

31

150

21

551

107

574

85

107

24

239

25

164

43

372

71

137

28

Lnagallis arvensis L.

A and B, F

    

9

*

41

24

    

1

               

20

19

4

2

2

*

  

8

1

6

4

5

3

Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb.

A, F

    

7

*

                                    

Avena fatua L.

A, G, M

                            

3

*

        

2

*

  

Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv.

A, G, M

      

2

*

                        

83

*

        

Briza maxima L.

A, G, L

                              

5

*

          

Briza minor L.

A, G

                              

7

*

      

1

*

  

Bromus hordeaceus L.

A, G, L

  

20

*

1

<1

3

1

            

1

*

      

38

16

51

48

19

5

1

*

2

1

10

5

14

10

Bromus rubens L.

A, G, H

    

16

8

19

11

21

*

  

1

*

8

*

    

4

*

  

2

*

  

76

40

78

50

27

11

10

*

3

1

5

2

58

54

Carduus pycnocephalus L.

A, F, M

                              

1

*

    

1

*

    

Centaurea melitensis L.

A and B, F, M

    

50

48

60

45

    

2

1

1

*

            

2

1

5

2

13

4

    

2

1

  

Centaurea solstitialis L.

A, F, H

                            

11

*

            

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill.

A, F

      

1

<1

            

1

*

    

2

*

7

6

    

7

*

4

3

356

*

  

Crassula tillaea Lester-Garland

A, F

    

13

11

              

2

*

      

1

<1

      

8

3

  

4

*

Cynosurus echinatus L.

A, G, M

      

1

*

                    

4

1

      

1

<1

4

1

  

Dactylis glomerata L.

P, G, L

  

3

2

                      

5

1

              

Erodium brachycarpum (Godr.) Thell

A, F

              

1

*

            

3

*

          

7

*

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. ex Aiton ssp. cicutarium

A and B, H, L

      

1

*

                              

1

*

  

Galium L. sp.

A, F

              

2

<1

            

8

7

  

47

34

1

*

  

1

*

  

Galium murale (L.) All.

A, F

                                

5

3

      

8

3

Galium parisiense L.

A, F

50

*

  

79

59

21

13

    

7

4

2

<1

11

4

  

2

1

40

39

5

1

4

3

36

20

75

42

24

10

  

95

87

5

3

12

3

Gastridium phleoides (Nees & Meyen) C.E. Hubbard

A, G

30

*

  

67

26

67

28

    

15

6

109

76

14

11

  

177

89

180

106

  

19

4

95

31

360

88

10

3

22

9

16

12

83

39

11

6

Holcus lanatus L.

P, F, M

                            

1

<1

1

*

          

H. ypochaeris glabra L.

A, F, L

    

13

11

2

1

    

1

<1

      

3

1

1

*

    

10

2

70

32

50

20

  

2

<1

50

14

17

12

Lactuca saligna L.

A and B, F

              

2

*

    

4

<1

      

4

1

      

1

<1

3

1

  

Lactuca serriola L.

A, and B, F

    

3

1

1

<1

    

1

<1

1

<1

    

3

1

      

2

<1

4

1

    

1

<1

6

1

  

Logfia gallica (L.) Coss. & Germ.

A, F

14

7

50

<1

93

35

95

29

11

8

33

*

7

2

52

16

25

24

50

*

17

15

8

2

  

37

13

240

54

632

135

18

6

40

11

36

18

84

17

21

4

Phalaris aquatica L.

P, G, M

    

1

*

                                    

Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss.

A and P, G, L

    

2

1

6

*

            

4

*

                    

Poaceae

A, G

2

*

  

7

3

12

8

    

8

2

20

13

    

6

2

6

3

    

21

10

1

*

1

*

  

4

2

3

1

  

Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.

A, G, L

      

39

*

                                  

Senecio vulgaris L.

A and B, F

    

2

1

1

<1

    

1

*

        

1

*

    

1

<1

1

*

    

1

<1

4

1

  

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

A, F

    

2

<1

1

*

    

2

*

      

2

<1

    

2

*

2

*

2

1

    

1

<1

4

2

  

Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski

A, G, H

      

6

*

    

1

*

              

7

5

        

1

<1

  

Tolpis barbata (L.) Gaertn.

A, F

    

3

1

3

2

                                  

Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link

A, F, M

    

5

3

8

6

      

1

*

    

1

*

      

7

3

22

11

    

2

1

9

6

  

Trifolium dubium Sibth.

A, F

    

3

*

                                    

Trifolium hirtum All.

A, F, L

    

1

<1

1

*

    

1

*

              

21

*

            

Verbascum thapsus L.

B, F, L

                                    

1

*

1

*

  

Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray

A, G

14

5

  

59

33

4

1

25

20

20

*

7

6

11

7

    

55

34

5

3

48

33

54

33

270

70

166

48

253

68

  

179

78

234

52

123

26

Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.

A, G, M

1

*

63

13

120

103

84

47

    

2

1

8

7

  

3

*

  

3

1

  

80

15

51

15

219

128

163

72

71

17

2

1

97

35

97

45

All non-native understory plants

97

27

35

9

56

12

52

9

33

 

18

9

11

3

67

19

31

14

27

24

39

15

28

13

26

13

90

11

155

21

245

31

90

16

124

16

62

14

99

13

75

11