Table 3 Canopy mass loss after bark beetles alone (M_b), fire alone (M_f), the combination of bark beetles and fire (M_bf), and the combination of bark beetles and fire assuming disturbances were independent (M_b+f). Phases are green (no mortality), red, and gray with 20 %, 58 %, and 100 % bark beetle-caused mortality of ponderosa pine trees at low (10 m sec⁻¹), moderate (20 m sec⁻¹), and high (40 m sec⁻¹) wind speeds.

Low wind speed

Moderate wind speed

High wind speed

Phase

M _b

M _f

M _bf

M _b+f

M _f

M _bf

M _b+f

M _f

M _bf

M _b+f