Fig. 4

Differing oak response to high levels of crown scorch: all depicted trees appeared topkilled nine months following prescribed burns at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, USA. Twenty-five months following burns (May 2018 for 2016 burn units), more than 50% had reestablished live foliage in their crowns. Those that did not appeared to be more susceptible to topkill due to (a) small stature, (b) heavy scarring, or (c) previous injury. The remainder (d) had replaced substantial crown volumes upon remeasurement. Photos by D. Nemens