Table 1 Pre-fire tree species composition by tree size class within State Game Lands 176, Pennsylvania, USA, where we measured post-fire changes in forest structure and composition between 2009 and 2018
| Â | Â | Pre-fire composition (% of total trees) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seedlings | Saplings | Midstory | Overstory | ||
>5.08 cm tall, <2.54 cm DBH | 2.54-10.15 cm DBH | 10.16-19.99 cm DBH | >19.99 cm DBH | ||
Unburned (measured 2009) | |||||
 Bigtooth aspen | Populus grandidentata Michx. | - | - | 22.2 | 27.4 |
 Birch | Betula spp. | - | - | 1.9 | - |
 Black oak | Quercus velutina Lam. | 5.6 | - | - | 8.3 |
 Cherry | Prunus L. spp. | - | - | 3.7 | - |
 Dogwood | Cornus L. spp. | - | 4.2 | - | - |
 Hickory | Carya spp. | 3.7 | - | 3.9 | 2.8 |
 Northern red oak | Quercus rubra L. | 5.7 | - | - | 13.2 |
 Red maple | Acer rubrum L. | 73.7 | 70.8 | 50.9 | 11.5 |
 Sassafras | Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees | - | - | 4.2 | 2.8 |
 Serviceberry | Amelanchier Medik. spp. | 0.4 | 12.5 | - | - |
 White oak | Quercus alba L. | 11.0 | 8.3 | 13.2 | 34.0 |
Mixed-oak (measured 2009) | |||||
 American chestnut | Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. | 0.1 | - | - | - |
 Bigtooth aspen | Populus grandidentata | 0.4 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 14.3 |
 Birch | Betula spp. | 0.4 | - | 0.7 | 0.5 |
 Blackgum | Nyssa sylvatica Marshall | 0.3 | 0.7 | - | - |
 Black oak | Quercus velutina | 3.9 | 4.9 | 2.0 | 10.7 |
 Cherry | Prunus spp. | 3.4 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
 Chestnut oak | Quercus montana Willd. | 11.5 | 6.5 | 4.4 | 11.9 |
 Dogwood | Cornus spp. | 0.1 | - | - | - |
 Eastern white pine | Pinus strobus L. | - | - | 0.9 | - |
 Hickory | Carya spp. | 2.9 | 0.4 | 23.9 | 5.6 |
 Northern red oak | Quercus rubra | 9.0 | 2.9 | - | 2.7 |
 Pitch pine | Pinus rigida MIll. | - | - | 0.3 | 0.9 |
 Red maple | Acer rubrum | 46.4 | 71.2 | 33.8 | 15.9 |
 Sassafras | Sassafras albidum | 14.0 | 3.1 | 21.8 | 2.4 |
 Scarlet oak | Quercus coccinea Muenchh. | 0.4 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 10.7 |
 Serviceberry | Amelanchier spp. | 0.1 | - | - | - |
 Striped maple | Acer pensylvanicum L. | 0.1 | - | - | - |
 Sugar maple | Acer saccharum Marshall | - | - | 0.6 | - |
 White oak | Quercus alba | 7.1 | 6.0 | 7.4 | 23.8 |
Aspen–oak (measured 2013) | |||||
 Bigtooth aspen | Populus grandidentata | - | 4.8 | 12.4 | 37.2 |
 Black oak | Quercus velutina | 0.3 | 7.1 | 0.8 | 2.4 |
 Cherry | Prunus spp. | 22.4 | 26.6 | 54.1 | 26.3 |
 Dogwood | Cornus spp. | 1.4 | 1.3 | - | - |
 Hawthorn | Crataegus Tourn. ex L. spp. | 0.2 | - | - | - |
 Hickory | Carya spp. | 0.6 | 1.8 | - | - |
 Northern red oak | Quercus rubra | 1.0 | 0.4 | - | - |
 Pitch pine | Pinus rigida | - | - | - | 5.6 |
 Quaking aspen | Populus tremuloides Michx. | - | - | 4.8 | - |
 Red maple | Acer rubrum | 70.7 | 18.3 | 7.8 | - |
 Scarlet oak | Quercus coccinea | 0.2 | 19.0 | 2.6 | 9.5 |
 Serviceberry | Amelanchier spp. | 1.6 | - | - | - |
 Spruce | Picea Mill. spp. | - | 1.8 | - | - |
 White oak | Quercus alba | 1.4 | 19.8 | 17.5 | 19.0 |