Forest fire and smoke detection using deep learning-based learning without forgetting

Fire Ecology

Table 3 Hyperparameters with tuned values

Hyperparameters	VGG16	InceptionV3	Xception
Optimizer	Adam	Adam	Adam
Learning rate	1e−01	1e−05	1e−03
Activation function	Elu	Relu	Relu
Number of neurons in customized layers	512	256	256
Number of epochs	100	70	75
Batch size	128	64	64