Table 1 Functional indicators considered as proxies of ecosystem functions and ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF)

Carbon regulation

Soil organic carbon (SOC)

%

Decomposition

β-Glucosidase activity

µmol_p−NP hour^− 1 g^− 1 soil

Urease activity

µmol_N−NH4+ hour^− 1 g^− 1 soil

Acid phosphatase activity

µmol_p−NP hour^− 1 g^− 1 soil

Soil fertility

Total nitrogen (N)

%

Available phosphorous (P)

mg kg^− 1

Plant production

Cover of trees

%

Cover of shrubs and subshrubs

%

Cover of forbs and grasses

%