Table 2 Combustion factors by burn severity derived from median values of Campbell et al. (2007). Live tree, standing dead wood, and dead woodcombustion factors are a weighted average based on pre-burn biomass distribution in the Biscuit Fire of 2002 (Table 4 of Campbell et al. 2007). Understory combustion factor is the average of “grasses” and weighted average value for “small hardwoods”; litter and duff combustion factor is the average of “litter” and “duff” (Campbell et al. 2007)