Fig. 2

Pyro-geographic framework applied to the three main assumptions informing the transfer of Northern Australia’s indigenous-led savanna burning emissions abatement methodologies to East and Southern African savanna-protected areas (e.g., similarities between nutrient-poor mesic savannas; presence of extensive unpopulated savannas; presence of indigenous landholders and pastoralists interested in carbon benefit generation), highlighting the interconnectedness of biogeophysical (e.g., “climate, biology, and fire”), environmental (e.g., “topographic environment and fire”), and socio-cultural (e.g., “society, culture, and fire”) dynamics in fire management. Transferability assumptions need to be considered in relation to the contextual opportunities and challenges that differentiate indigenous rangelands in Northern Australia from protected areas in Africa (adapted from Humphrey et al. 2021)