Table 2 Parameters used to predict stem water potential and degree of cavitation in Douglas-fir (DF), western larch (WL) and lodgepole pine (LPP). Biophysical parameters include soil water potential (Ψsoil) set at a typical late summer value, canopy conductance to water vapor (Gs) set at approximately 30 % of maximum for the species of interest to reflect mid-day stomatal closure, leaf specific conductance (KL) determined from values for mature trees in North Idaho, and the water potential where a 50 % loss in hydraulic conductance can be expected (Ψ50%).