Table 1 Some fire effects models and the software systems that house them. This is not an exhaustive list.
From: First-Order Fire Effects Models for Land Management: Overview and Issues
Fire effect | Model | Data requirements | Modeling approach | Software system(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
First-order effects | ||||
Tree mortality | FireStem (Jones et al. 2006) | Tree diameter, species, bark and wood moisture and thermophysical properties, thermal tolerance model parameters, incident heat flux at stem surface | Process | Self-contained |
Ryan and Reinhardt (1988) | Tree diameter, height, crown base height, species, and flame length or scorch height | Empirical | FOFEM, IFT-DSS, BEHAVE+, FFE-FVS, FOFEM-MT (Helmbrecht et al. in press) | |
Hood et al. (2007) | Crown scorch, species, cambial damage | Empirical | FOFEM, IFT-DSS | |
Soil heating | Heat release rate and duration at the soil surface, soil moisture and texture, soil bulk density, particle density, temperature and thermal conductivity | Process | FOFEM, IFT-DSS | |
Fuel consumption | Burnup (Albini et al. 1995) | Fuel characteristics by class: quantity, particle bulk density, moisture content, surface area to volume ratio; duff depth and moisture | Process | FOFEM, IFT-DSS, FARSITE |
Consume (Prichard et al. 2006) | Fuel characteristics including loading, moisture. | Empirical | Self-contained Also, BlueSky, IFT-DSS | |
Smoke production | Burnup (Albini et al. 1995) | Woody fuel by size class: moisture content, particle density, surface area to volume ratio; duff depth and moisture content. | Process | FOFEM, IFT-DSS, FARSITE |
FEPS (Anderson et al. 2004) | Fuel loading and moisture, fire growth rate | Empirical | Self-contained Also BlueSky | |
Second-order effects | ||||
Air quality/smoke dispersion | CalPuff (Scire et al. 2000) | Hourly gridded weather data (3-d wind and temperature), emission sources | Process | BlueSky (O’Neill et al. 2003) |
Erosion | WEPP (Flanagan and Livingston 1995) | Descriptors of soil, climate, ground cover and topography | Process | ERMit, FSWEPP (Robichaud et al. 2007 a, b) |
Vegetation change | VDDT (ESSA Tech. 2007) | Vegetation states, transition probabilities | State-transition rule-based | Self-contained |
FIRESUM (Keane et al. 1989) | Species and site parameters, stand inventory data | Process | Self-contained | |
FIRE-BGC (Keane et al. 1995) | Daily weather, species and site parameters | Process | Self-contained | |
SIMMPLLE (Chew et al. 2004) | Spatial vegetation, spatially driven disturbance probabilities. | Rule based | Self-contained | |