Table 1 Summary of previous study findings related to cone calorimeter experiments on vegetation. pk[HRR] = peak heat release rate per unit area, HRR = heat release rate per unit area, EHC = effective heat of combustion, TTI = ignition time, MLR = mass loss rate, THR = total heat release, CO = carbon monoxide, CO2 = carbon dioxide, SEA = specific extinction area, RSR = rate of smoke release, TSR = total smoke release, SPR = smoke production rate.
From: Moisture Content, Ignitability, and Fire Risk of Vegetation in Vertical Greenery Systems
Reference | Study objective | Specimen description | Important parameters | Study outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ornamental plants | Weise et al. 2005 | Seasonal differences in combustion characteristics of plants | Foliage and small branches of both green and oven dried specimens | pk[HRR], HRR, EHC, TTI, MLR | Relative ignitability of different species |
White et al. 1997 | Flammability of Christmas trees and other vegetation | Fresh foliage | pk[HRR], HRR, EHC, TTI, MLR | With natural moisture, it is very difficult to sustain a flame | |
Wildland fires | Liu et al. 2013 | Combustibility of fresh leaves of forest species | Fresh foliage | TTI, HRR, pk[HRR], THR, [CO], [CO2], MLR, EHC, SEA, THR, RSR, TSR | Recommended fire-resistant tree species |
Fateh et al. 2016 | Burning behavior and gaseous emissions of Mediterranean vegetation | Pine needles | Yields of gaseous emissions, MLR, TTI | CO2 and water are the main emissions | |
White et al. 2002 | Measured the relative flammability of different plant species | Green and dried plant specimens | HRR, pk[HRR], EHC | Some species show higher flammability than others | |
Dibble et al. 2007 | Combustion characteristics of northeastern USA vegetation | Fresh specimens of foliage and twigs | HRR, pk[HRR], THR, EHC | Comparison of combustion properties among many species | |
Santoni et al. 2015 | Scale effect of testing vegetation | Pine needles | HRR, SPR, [CO], [CO2], MLR, SEA, THR, RSR, TSR | Limitations in extending bench scale tests to full scale |