Aastveit, A.H., T. Almøy, I. Mejza, and S. Mejza. 2009. Individual control treatment in split-plot experiments. Statistical Papers 50: 697–710. doi: 10.1007/s00362-009-0253-5
Article
Google Scholar
Abatzoglou, J.T., and A.P. Williams. 2016. Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113: 11770–11775. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607171113
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Agee, J.K. 1996a. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Google Scholar
Agee, J.K. 1996b. Fire in the Blue Mountains: a history, ecology, and research agenda. Pages 119–145 in: R.G Jaindl and T.M. Quigley, editors. Search for a solution: sustaining the land, people, and economy of the Blue Mountains. American Forests, Washington, D.C., USA.
Google Scholar
Agee, J.K., and M.R. Lolley. 2006. Thinning and prescribed fire effects on fuels and potential fire behavior in an eastern Cascades forest, Washington, USA. Fire Ecology 2: 142–158. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0202003
Article
Google Scholar
Agee, J.K., and C.N. Skinner. 2005. Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 211: 83–96. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.034
Article
Google Scholar
Akaike, H. 1981. Likelihood of a model and information criteria. Journal of econometrics 16: 3–14. doi: 10.1016/0304-4076(81)90071-3
Article
Google Scholar
Bailey, J.D., and W.W. Covington. 2002. Evaluating ponderosa pine regeneration rates following ecological restoration treatments in northern Arizona, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 155: 271–278. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00564-3
Article
Google Scholar
Battaglia, M.A., F.W. Smith, and W.D. Shepperd. 2008. Can prescribed fire be used to maintain fuel treatment effectiveness over time in Black Hills ponderosa pine forests? Forest Ecology and Management 256: 2029–2038. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.026
Article
Google Scholar
Belsky, A.J., and D.M. Blumenthal. 1997. Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the Interior West. Conservation Biology 315–327. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95405.x
Article
Google Scholar
Bonnet, V.H., A.W. Schoettle, and W.D. Shepperd. 2005. Postfire environmental conditions influence the spatial pattern of regeneration for Pinus ponderosa. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35: 37–47. doi: 10.1139/x04-157
Article
Google Scholar
Bork, J.L. 1984. Fire history in three vegetation types on the eastern side of the Oregon Cascades. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
Google Scholar
Brown, J.K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-16, Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah, USA.
Google Scholar
Castello, J.D., D.J. Leopold, and P.J. Smallidge. 1995. Pathogens, patterns, and processes in forest ecosystems. BioScience 45(1): 16–24. doi: 10.2307/1312531
Article
Google Scholar
Chiono, L.A., K.L. O’Hara, M.J. De Lasaux, G.A. Nader, and S.L. Stephens. 2012. Development of vegetation and surface fuels following fire hazard reduction treatment. Forests 3: 700–722. doi: 10.3390/f3030700
Article
Google Scholar
Chojnacky, D.C. 1984. Volume and biomass for curlleaf cercocarpus in Nevada. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-332, Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah, USA.
Book
Google Scholar
Covington, W.W., P.Z. Fulé, M.M. Moore, S.C. Hart, T.E. Kolb, J.N. Mast, S.S. Sackett, and M.R. Wagner. 1997. Restoring ecosystem health in ponderosa pine forests of the Southwest. Journal of Forestry 95: 23–29.
Google Scholar
Covington, W.W., and M.M. Moore. 1994. Postsettlement changes in natural fire regimes and forest structure: ecological restoration of old-growth ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2: 153–181. doi: 10.1300/J091v02n01_07
Article
Google Scholar
Dennison, P.E., S.C. Brewer, J.D. Arnold, and M.A. Moritz. 2014. Large wildfire trends in the western United States, 1984–2011. Geophysical Research Letters 41: 2928–2933. doi: 10.1002/2014GL059576
Article
Google Scholar
Estes, B.L., E.E. Knapp, C.N. Skinner, and F.C. Uzoh. 2012. Seasonal variation in surface fuel moisture between unthinned and thinned mixed conifer forest, northern California, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21: 428–435. doi: 10.1071/WF11056
Article
Google Scholar
Fettig, C.J., K.D. Klepzig, R.F. Billings, A.S. Munson, T.E. Nebeker, J.F. Negrón, and J.T. Nowak. 2007. The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States. Forest Ecology and Management 238: 24–53. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.10.011
Article
Google Scholar
Fettig, C.J., S.R. McKelvey, D.R. Cluck, S.L. Smith, and W.J. Otrosina. 2010. Effects of prescribed fire and season of burn on direct and indirect levels of tree mortality in ponderosa and Jeffrey pine forests in California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 207–218. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.019
Article
Google Scholar
Fule, P.Z., J.E. Crouse, A.E. Cocke, M.M. Moore, and W.W. Covington. 2004. Changes in canopy fuels and potential fire behavior 1880–2040: Grand Canyon, Arizona. Ecological Modelling 175: 231–248. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.023
Article
Google Scholar
Harrington, M.G. 1996. Fall rates of prescribed fire-killed ponderosa pine. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-RP-489, Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah, USA.
Google Scholar
Hatten, J.A., D. Zabowski, A. Ogden, and W. Thies. 2008. Soil organic matter in a ponderosa pine forest with varying seasons and intervals of prescribed burn. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 2555–2565. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.01.016
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg, P., B. Smith, R. Salter, R. Ottmar, and E. Alvarado. 2000. Recent changes (1930s–1990s) in spatial patterns of Interior Northwest forests, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 136: 53–83. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00263-7
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg, P.F., and J.K. Agee. 2003. An environmental narrative of inland northwest United States forests, 1800–2000. Forest Ecology and Management 178: 23–59. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00052-5
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg, P.F., J.K. Agee, and J.F. Franklin. 2005. Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland northwest USA: contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras. Forest Ecology and Management 211: 117–139. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.016
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg, P.F., B.G. Smith, and R.B. Salter. 1999. Detecting change in forest spatial patterns from reference conditions. Ecological Applications 9: 1232–1252. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1232:DCIFSP]2.0.CO;2
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg, P.F., T.A. Spies, D.A. Perry, C.N. Skinner, A.H. Taylor, P.M. Brown, S.L. Stephens, A.J. Larson, D.J. Churchill, and N.A. Povak. 2016. Tamm review: management of mixed-severity fire regime forests in Oregon, Washington, and northern California. Forest Ecology and Management 366: 221–250. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.01.034
Article
Google Scholar
Heyerdahl, E.K., L.B. Brubaker, and J.K. Agee. 2001. Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: a multiscale example from the Interior West, USA. Ecology 82: 660–678. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0660:SCOHFR]2.0.CO;2
Article
Google Scholar
Heyerdahl, E.K., D. McKenzie, L.D. Daniels, A.E. Hessl, J.S. Littell, and N.J. Mantua. 2008. Climate drivers of regionally synchronous fires in the Inland Northwest (1651–1900). International Journal of Wildland Fire 17: 40–49. doi: 10.1071/WF07024
Article
Google Scholar
Higgins, A.M., K.M. Waring, and A.E. Thode. 2015. The effects of burn entry and burn severity on ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests in Grand Canyon National Park. International Journal of Wildland Fire 24: 495–506. doi: 10.1071/WF13111
Article
Google Scholar
Johnston, J.D. 2016. Forest successional and disturbance dynamics in the southern Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
Google Scholar
Kauffman, J.B., and R. Martin. 1989. Fire behavior, fuel consumption, and forest-floor changes following prescribed understory fires in Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19: 455–462. doi: 10.1139/x89-071
Article
Google Scholar
Keifer, M., J.W. van Wagtendonk, and M. Buhler. 2006. Long-term surface fuel accumulation in burned and unburned mixed-conifer forests of the central and southern Sierra Nevada, CA (USA). Fire Ecology 2: 53–72. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0201053
Article
Google Scholar
Kerns, B.K., M. Buonopane, W.G. Thies, and C. Niwa. 2011. Reintroducing fire into a ponderosa pine forest with and without cattle grazing: understory vegetation response. Ecosphere 2(5): 1–23. doi: 10.1890/ES10-00183.1
Article
Google Scholar
Kerns, B.K., W.G. Thies, and C.G. Niwa. 2006. Season and severity of prescribed burn in ponderosa pine forests: implications for understory native and exotic plants. Ecoscience 13: 44–55. doi: 10.2980/1195-6860(2006)13[44:SASOPB]2.0.CO;2
Article
Google Scholar
Knapp, E.E., J.E. Keeley, E.A. Ballenger, and T.J. Brennan. 2005. Fuel reduction and coarse woody debris dynamics with early season and late season prescribed fire in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 208: 383–397. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.016
Article
Google Scholar
Kolb, P.F., D.L. Adams, and G.I. McDonald. 1998. Impacts of fire exclusion on forest dynamics and processes in central Idaho. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 20: 210–218.
Google Scholar
Littell, R.C., G.A. Milliken, W.W. Stroup, R.D. Wolfinger, and O. Schobenberger. 2006. SAS for mixed models, second edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Google Scholar
Littell, J.S., D. McKenzie, D.L. Peterson, and A.L. Westerling. 2009. Climate and wildfire area burned in western US ecoprovinces, 1916–2003. Ecological Applications 19: 1003–1021. doi: 10.1890/07-1183.1
Article
Google Scholar
Marlon, J.R., P.J. Bartlein, D.G. Gavin, C.J. Long, R.S. Anderson, C.E. Briles, K.J. Brown, D. Colombaroli, D.J. Hallett, and M.J. Power. 2012. Long-term perspective on wildfires in the western USA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109: E535–E543. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1112839109
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
McCandliss, D.S. 2002. Prescribed burning in the Kings River ecosystems project area: lessons learned. Pages 37–46 in: J. Verner, technical coordinator. Proceedings of a symposium on the Kings River Sustainable Forest Ecosystems Project: progress and current status. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-183, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California, USA.
Google Scholar
Miles, P.D., and W.B. Smith. 2009. Specific gravity and other properties of wood and bark for 156 tree species found in North America. USDA Forest Service Research Note NRS-38, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
Book
Google Scholar
Mirov, N.T. 1967. The genus Pinus. Ronald Press, New York, New York, USA.
Google Scholar
Mutch, R.W., S.F. Arno, J.K. Brown, C.E. Carlson, R.D. Ottmar, and J.L. Peterson. 1993. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: a management strategy for fire-adapted ecosystems. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW GTR-310, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon USA.
Book
Google Scholar
Perrakis, D.D.B., and J.K. Agee. 2006. Seasonal fire effects on mixed-conifer forest structure and ponderosa pine resin properties. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 238–254. doi: 10.1139/x05-212
Article
Google Scholar
Peterson, D.L., and K.W. Marcinkowski. 2014. Recent changes in climate and forest ecosystems. Pages 3–11 in: D.L. Peterson, J.M. Vose, and T. Patel-Weynand, editors. Climate change and United States forests. Advances in global change research, volume 57. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7515-2_1
Chapter
Google Scholar
Peterson, D.W., and P.B. Reich. 2001. Prescribed fire in oak savanna: fire frequency effects on stand structure and dynamics. Ecological Applications 11: 914–927. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0914:PFIOSF]2.0.CO;2
Article
Google Scholar
Progar, R., K. Hrinkevich, E. Clark, and M. Rinella. 2017. Prescribed burning in ponderosa pine: fuel reductions and redistributing fuels near boles to prevent injury. Fire Ecology 13: 149–161. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.1301149
Article
Google Scholar
Pyne, S.J. 1982. Fire in America. A cultural history of wildland and rural fire. Princeton University Press, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Google Scholar
Reilly, M.J., K. Outcalt, J.J. O’Brien, and D. Wade. 2016. Effects of repeated growing season prescribed fire on the structure and composition of pine-hardwood forests in the southeastern Piedmont, USA. Forests 8: 8. doi: 10.3390/f8010008
Article
Google Scholar
Reinhardt, E.D., R.E. Keane, D.E. Calkin, and J.D. Cohen. 2008. Objectives and considerations for wildland fuel treatment in forested ecosystems of the interior western United States. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 1997–2006. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.09.016
Article
Google Scholar
Ryan, K.C., E.E. Knapp, and J.M. Varner. 2013. Prescribed fire in North American forests and woodlands: history, current practice, and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11: e15–e24. doi: 10.1890/120329
Article
Google Scholar
Ryan, K.C., and E.D. Reinhardt. 1988. Predicting postfire mortality of seven Western conifers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18: 1291–1297. doi: 10.1139/x88-199
Article
Google Scholar
Sackett, S.S., and S.M. Haase. 1998. Two case histories for using prescribed fire to restore ponderosa pine ecosystems in northern Arizona. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 20: 380–389.
Google Scholar
SAS. 2014. Base SAS 9.4 procedures guide. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Google Scholar
Schwilk, D.W., J.E. Keeley, E.E. Knapp, J. McIver, J.D. Bailey, C.J. Fettig, C.E. Fiedler, R.J. Harrod, J.J. Moghaddas, and K.W. Outcalt. 2009. The national Fire and Fire Surrogate study: effects of fuel reduction methods on forest vegetation structure and fuels. Ecological Applications 19: 285–304. doi: 10.1890/07-1747.1
Article
Google Scholar
Short, K.C. 2015. Spatial wildfire occurrence data for the United States, 1992–2013 [FPA_FOD_20150323]. 3rd edition. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. <http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2013-0009.3>. Accessed 10 March 2016.
Google Scholar
Soeriaatmadja, R. 1966. Fire history of the ponderosa pine forests of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. Dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
Google Scholar
Stephens, S.L., J.D. McIver, R.E. Boerner, C.J. Fettig, J.B. Fontaine, B.R. Hartsough, P.L. Kennedy, and D.W. Schwilk. 2012. The effects of forest fuel-reduction treatments in the United States. BioScience 62: 549–560. doi: 10.1525/bio.2012.62.6.6
Article
Google Scholar
Stephens, S.L., and J.J. Moghaddas. 2005. Experimental fuel treatment impacts on forest structure, potential fire behavior, and predicted tree mortality in a California mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 215: 21–36. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.070
Article
Google Scholar
Stephens, S.L., J.J. Moghaddas, C. Edminster, C.E. Fiedler, S. Haase, M. Harrington, J.E. Keeley, E.E. Knapp, J.D. McIver, and K. Metlen. 2009. Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western US forests. Ecological Applications 19: 305–320. doi: 10.1890/07-1755.1
Article
Google Scholar
Thies, W.G., D.J. Westlind, and M. Loewen. 2005. Season of prescribed burn in ponderosa pine forests in eastern Oregon: impact on pine mortality. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14: 223–231. doi: 10.1071/WF04051
Article
Google Scholar
USDA NRCS [US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service]. 2012. National Weather and Climate Center SNOTEL data: Oregon Rock Springs Site. <http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/nwcc/site?sitenum=721>. Accessed 5 October 2015.
Vaillant, N.M., E.K. Noonan-Wright, A.L. Reiner, C.M. Ewell, B.M. Rau, J.A. Fites-Kaufman, and S.N. Dailey. 2015. Fuel accumulation and forest structure change following hazardous fuel reduction treatments throughout California. International Journal of Wildland Fire 24: 361–371. doi: 10.1071/WF14082
Article
Google Scholar
Webster, K.M., and C.B. Halpern. 2010. Long-term vegetation responses to reintroduction and repeated use of fire in mixed-conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada. Ecosphere 1: 1–27. doi: 10.1890/ES10-00018.1
Article
Google Scholar
Westerling, A.L., A. Gershunov, T.J. Brown, D.R. Cayan, and M.D. Dettinger. 2003. Climate and wildfire in the western United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 84: 595–604. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-84-5-595
Article
Google Scholar
Westerling, A.L., H.G. Hidalgo, D.R. Cayan, and T.W. Swetnam. 2006. Warming and earlier spring increase western US forest wildfire activity. Science 313: 940–943. doi: 10.1126/science.1128834
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Youngblood, A., C.S. Wright, R.D. Ottmar, and J.D. McIver. 2008. Changes in fuelbed characteristics and resulting fire potentials after fuel reduction treatments in dry forests of the Blue Mountains, northeastern Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 3151–3169. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.032
Article
Google Scholar
Zald, H.S., A.N. Gray, M. North, and R.A. Kern. 2008. Initial tree regeneration responses to fire and thinning treatments in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 168–179. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.022
Article
Google Scholar