Ayers, H.B., and W.W. Ashe. 1905. The southern Appalachian forests. In US Geological Survey professional paper 37. Washington, D.C.: US Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp37.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Azeria, E.T., M. Bouchard, D. Pothier, D. Fortin, and C. Hebert. 2011. Using biodiversity deconstruction to disentangle assembly and diversity dynamics of understorey plants along post-fire succession in boreal forest. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20: 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00580.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Blankenship, B.A., and M.A. Arthur. 2006. Stand structure over 9 years in burned and fire-excluded oak stands on the Cumberland Plateau, Kentucky. Forest Ecology and Management 225: 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.032.
Article
Google Scholar
Boring, L.R., and W.T. Swank. 1984. The role of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in forest succession. Journal of Ecology 72: 749–766. https://doi.org/10.2307/2259529.
Article
Google Scholar
Brose, P.H., T. Schuler, D. Van Lear, and J. Berst. 2001. Bringing fire back: the changing regimes of the Appalachian mixed-oak forests. Journal of Forestry 99: 30–35.
Google Scholar
Brose, P.H., and D.H. Van Lear. 1998. Responses of hardwood advance regeneration to seasonal prescribed fires in oak-dominated shelterwood stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28 (3): 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1139/x97-218.
Article
Google Scholar
Burton, J.A., S.W. Hallgren, S.D. Fuhlendorf, and D.M. Leslie Jr. 2011. Understory response to varying fire frequencies after 20 years of prescribed burning in an upland oak forest. Plant Ecology 212 (9): 1513–1525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-011-9926-y.
Article
Google Scholar
Certini, G. 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia 143: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1788-8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chapman, G.L. 1950. The influence of mountain laurel undergrowth on environmental conditions and oak reproduction. Dissertation. New Haven: Yale University.
Google Scholar
Christensen, N.L. 1993. The effects of fuel on nutrient cycles in longleaf pine ecosystems. In Proceedings of the 18th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, ed. S.M. Hermann, 205–214. Tallahassee: Tall Timbers Research Station.
Google Scholar
Clarke, K.R. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology 18:117–117.
Clinton, B.D., and J.M. Vose. 2000. Plant succession and community restoration following felling and burning in the southern Appalachian Mountains. In Fire and forest ecology: innovative silviculture and vegetation management, Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings No. 21, ed. W. Keith Moser and Cynthia F. Moser, 22–29. Tallahassee: Tall Timbers Research Station.
Google Scholar
Costanza, J.K., J.W. Coulston, and D.N. Wear. 2017. An empirical, hierarchical typology of tree species assemblages for assessing forest dynamics under global change scenarios. PLoS ONE 12 (9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184062.
De Cáceres, M., and P. Legendre. 2009. Associations between species and groups of sites: indices and statistical inference. Ecology 90 (12): 3566–3574. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1823.1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dey, D.C., and G. Hartman. 2005. Returning fire to Ozark Highland forest ecosystems: effects on advance regeneration. Forest Ecology and Management 217: 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.002.
Article
Google Scholar
Dolan, M.M., and A.J. Parker. 2004. Evergreen understory dynamics in Coweeta Forest, North Carolina. Physical Geography 6: 481–498. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.25.6.481.
Article
Google Scholar
Dufrêne, M., and P. Legendre. 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymetrical approach. Ecological Monographs 67: 345–366. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0345:SAAIST]2.0.CO;2.
Elliott, K.J., R.L. Hendrick, A.E. Major, J.M. Vose, and W.T. Swank. 1999. Vegetation dynamics after a prescribed fire in the southern Appalachians. Forest Ecology and Management 114: 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00351-X.
Article
Google Scholar
Elliott, K.J., and J.M. Vose. 2005. Effects of understory prescribed burning on shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.)/mixed-hardwood forests. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132 (2): 236–251. https://doi.org/10.3159/1095-5674(2005)132[236:EOUPBO]2.0.CO;2.
Article
Google Scholar
Faith, D.P., P.R. Minchin, and L. Belbin. 1987. Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance. Vegetatio 69: 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00038687.
Article
Google Scholar
Garren, K.H. 1943. Effects of fire on vegetation of the southeastern United States. Botanical Review 9 (9): 617–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872506.
Article
Google Scholar
Gilliam, F.S., and M.R. Roberts. 2003. The dynamic nature of the herbaceous layer: synthesis and future directions for research. In The herbaceous layer in forests of eastern North America, ed. F.S. Gilliam and M.R. Roberts, 323–337. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Tagle, M.A., L. Schwendenmann, J.J. Perez, and R. Schulz. 2008. Forest structure and woody plant species composition along a fire chronosequence in mixed pine-oak forest in the Sierra Madre Oriental, northeast Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.021.
Article
Google Scholar
Greenberg, C.H., B.S. Collins, W.H. McNab, D.K. Miller, and G.R. Wein. 2016. Introduction to natural disturbances and historic range of variation: type, frequency, severity, and post-disturbance structure in Central hardwood forests. In Natural disturbances and historic range of variation. Managing forest ecosystems, ed. C.H. Greenberg and B.S. Collins, vol. 32, 1–32. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21527-3_1.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Holzmueller, E.J., J.W. Groninger, and C.M. Ruffner. 2014. Facilitating oak and hickory regeneration in mature Central hardwood forests. Forests. 5: 3344–3351. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5123344.
Article
Google Scholar
Horn, H.S. 1974. The ecology of secondary succession. Annual Review of Ecological Systems 5: 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000325.
Article
Google Scholar
Huddle, J., and S.G. Pallardy. 1999. Effect of fire on survival and growth of Acer rubrum and Quercus seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management 118 (1): 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00485-X.
Article
Google Scholar
Hutchinson, T.F., R.E.J. Boerner, L.R. Iverson, S. Sutherland, and E.K. Sutherland. 1999. Landscape patterns of understory composition and richness across a moisture and nitrogen mineralization gradient in Ohio (USA) Quercus forests. Plant Ecology 144: 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009804020976.
Article
Google Scholar
Hutchinson, T.F., R.E.J. Boerner, S. Sutherland, E.K. Sutherland, M. Ortt, and L.R. Iverson. 2005. Prescribed fire effects on the herbaceous layer of mixed-oak forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 35: 877–890. https://doi.org/10.1139/x04-189.
Article
Google Scholar
Iverson, L.R., T.F. Hutchinson, A.M. Prasad, and M.P. Peters. 2008. Thinning, fire, and oak regeneration across a heterogeneous landscape in the eastern US: 7-year results. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 3035–3050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.088.
Article
Google Scholar
Kane, J.M., J.M. Varner, E.E. Knapp, and R.F. Powers. 2010. Understory vegetation response to mechanical mastication and other fuels treatments in a ponderosa pine forest. Applied Vegetation Science 12 (2): 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2009.01062.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Keyser, M.J., P.J. Gould, M.E. McDill, K.C. Steiner, and J.C. Finley. 2008. Classifying patterns of understory vegetation in mixed-oak forests in two ecoregions of Pennsylvania. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 25 (1): 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/25.1.38.
Article
Google Scholar
Kruskal, J.B. 1964a. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika 29: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289565.
Article
Google Scholar
Kruskal, J.B. 1964b. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method. Psychometrika 29: 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289694.
Article
Google Scholar
Kuddes-Fischer, L.M., and M.A. Arthur. 2002. Response of understory vegetation and tree regeneration to a single prescribed fire in oak-pine forests. Natural Areas Journal 22 (1): 43–52.
Google Scholar
Lafon, C.W., A.T. Naito, H.D. Grissino-Mayer, S.P. Horn, and T.A. Waldrop. 2017. Fire history of the Appalachian region: a review and synthesis. In USDA Forest Service General Technical Report SRS-219, Southern Research Station, Asheville, North Carolina, USA.
Google Scholar
Maechler, M., P. Rousseeuw, A. Struyf, M. Hubert, and K. Hornik. 2015. cluster: Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions. R package version 2.0.3.
Google Scholar
McCune, B., and J.B. Grace. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. Gleneden Beach: MjM Software Design.
Google Scholar
McCune, B., R. Rosentreter, J.M. Ponzetti, and D.C. Shaw. 2000. Epiphyte habitats in an old conifer forest in western Washington, USA. The Bryologist 103 (3): 417–427. https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0417:EHIAOC]2.0.CO;2.
Article
Google Scholar
Monk, C.D., D.T. McGinty, and F.P. Day. 1985. The ecological importance of Kalmia latifolia and Rhododendron maximum in the deciduous forest of the Southern Appalachians. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112: 187–193. https://doi.org/10.2307/2996415.
Article
Google Scholar
Moser, W.K., M.J. Ducey, and P.M.S. Ashton. 1996. Effects of fire intensity on competitive dynamics between red and black oaks and mountain laurel. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 13 (3): 119–123. https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/13.3.119.
Article
Google Scholar
NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe Explorer. Arlington: NatureServe https://explorer.natureserve.org/ Accessed 21 Oct 2020.
Google Scholar
Nowacki, G.J., and M.D. Abrams. 2008. The demise of fire and mesophication of forests in the eastern United States. Bioscience 58 (2): 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1641/B580207.
Article
Google Scholar
Oakman, E.C., D.L. Hagan, T.A. Waldrop, and K. Barrett. 2019. Understory vegetation responses to 15 years of repeated fuel reduction treatments in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Forests 10 (14): 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10040350.
Article
Google Scholar
Oksanen, J., F. Guillaume Blanchet, M. Friendly, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, D. McGlinn, P.R. Minchin, R.B. O’Hara, G.L. Simpson, P. Solymos, M.H.H. Stevens, E. Szoecs, and H. Wagner. 2015. Vegan: the community ecology package, v. 1.8-4.
Google Scholar
Pavlovic, N.B., S.A. Leicht-Young, and R. Grundel. 2011. Short-term effects of burn season on flowering phenology of savanna plants. Plant Ecology 212: 611–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-010-9851-5.
Article
Google Scholar
Peterson, D.W., P.B. Reich, and K.J. Wrage. 2007. Plant functional group responses to fire frequency and tree canopy cover gradients in oak savannas and woodlands. Journal of Vegetation Science 18 (1): 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02510.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Phillips, R., T. Hutchinson, L. Brudnak, and T. Waldrop. 2007. Fire and fire surrogate treatments in mixed-oak forests: effects on herbaceous layer vegetation. In The fire environment—innovations, management, and policy; conference proceedings, Proceedings RMRS-P-46, ed. B.W. Butler and W. Cook. Fort Collins: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
Google Scholar
Pickett, S.T.A., J. Wu, and M.L. Cadenasso. 1999. Patch dynamics and the ecology of disturbed ground: a framework for synthesis. In Ecosystems of disturbed ground, ed. L.R. Walker, 707–722. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Google Scholar
Pyne, S.J. 1997. Fire in America: a cultural history of wildland and rural fire. 2nd ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Google Scholar
R Core Team. 2016. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
Google Scholar
Roberts, M.R. 2004. Response of herbaceous layer to natural disturbance in North American forests. Canadian Journal of Botany 82: 1273–1283. https://doi.org/10.1139/b04-091.
Article
Google Scholar
Schwilk, D.W., J.E. Keeley, E.E. Knapp, J. McIver, J.D. Bailey, C.J. Fettig, C.E. Fiedler, R.J. Harrod, J.J. Moghaddas, K.W. Outcalt, C.N. Skinner, S.L. Stephens, T.A. Waldrop, D.A. Yaussy, and A. Youngblood. 2009. The national fire and fire surrogate study: effects of fuel reduction methods on forest vegetation structure and fuels. Ecological Applications 19: 285–304. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1747.1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shearman, T.M., G.G. Wang, R.K. Peet, T.R. Wentworth, M.P. Schafale, and A.S. Weakley. 2017. A community analysis for forest ecosystems with natural growth of Persea spp. in the southeastern United States. Castanea 83 (1): 3–27. https://doi.org/10.2179/17-131.
Article
Google Scholar
Small, C.J., and B.C. McCarthy. 2002. Spatial and temporal variation in the response of understory vegetation to disturbance in a central Appalachian oak forest. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 129: 136–153. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088727.
Article
Google Scholar
Stanturf, J.A., D.D. Wade, T.A. Waldrop, D.K. Kennard, and G.L. Achtemeier. 2002. Fire in Southern forest landscapes. In Southern forest resource assessment. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report SRS-53, ed. D.M. Wear and J. Greis, 607–630. Asheville: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
Google Scholar
Stephens, S.L., J.D. McIver, R.E.J. Boerner, C.J. Fettig, J.B. Fontaine, B.R. Hartsough, P.L. Kennedy, and D.W. Schwilk. 2012. The effects of forest fuel reduction treatments in the United States. Bioscience 62: 549–560. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.6.6.
Article
Google Scholar
Taylor, A.H. 2007. Forest changes since Euro-American settlement and ecosystem restoration in the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. In Restoring fire-adapted ecosystems: proceedings of the 2005 national silviculture workshop, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-203, ed. R.F. Powers, 3–20. Albany: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.
Google Scholar
Van Lear, D.H., P.H. Brose, and P.D. Keyser. 2000. Using prescribed fire to regenerate oaks. In Proceedings: workshop on fire, people, and the central hardwoods landscape; 12-14 March 2000; Richmond, Kentucky, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-274, ed. D.A. Yaussy, 97–102. Newtown Square: USDA Forest Service. https://doi.org/10.2737/NE-GTR-274.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Van Lear, D.H., and T.A. Waldrop. 1989. History, use, and effects of fire in the Appalachians. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report SE-54. Asheville: USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/SE-GTR-54.
Book
Google Scholar
Vose, J.M., B.D. Clinton, and W.T. Swank. 1993. Fire, drought, and forest management influences on pine/hardwood ecosystems in the Southern Appalachians. In A paper presented at the 12th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology, 26 to 28 October 1993, at Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA. Miscellaneous publication 4726. Asheville: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/4726.
Google Scholar
Waldrop, T.A., D. Hagan, and D.M. Simon. 2016. Repeated application of fuel reduction techniques in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA: implications for achieving management goals. Fire Ecology 12 (2): 28–47. https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.1202028.
Article
Google Scholar
Waldrop, T.A., H.H. Mohr, R.J. Phillips, and D.M. Simon. 2014. The National Fire and Fire Surrogate Study: vegetation changes over 11 years of fuel reduction treatments in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. In Proceedings—wildland fire in the Appalachians: discussions among managers and scientists, General Technical Report SRS-199, ed. T.A. Waldrop, 34–41. Asheville: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Waldrop, T.A., D.A. Yaussy, R.J. Phillips, T.F. Hutchinson, L. Brudnak, and R.E.J. Boerner. 2008. Fuel reduction treatments affect stand structure of hardwood forests in western North Carolina and southern Ohio, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 3117–3129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.11.010.
Article
Google Scholar
Web Soil Survey. 2020. Web Soil Survey home page. http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed 21 Oct 2020.
Google Scholar
Willig, M.R., and L.R. Walker. 1999. Disturbance in terrestrial ecosystems: salient themes, synthesis, and future directions. In Ecosystems of disturbed ground, volume 16, chapter 33, ed. L.R. Walker, 747–767. Amsterdam: Elsevier.