Abella, S.R., and J.D. Springer. 2015. Effects of tree cutting and fire on understory vegetation in mixed conifer forests. Forest Ecology and Management 335: 281–299 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.09.009.
Google Scholar
Allen, C.D., M. Savage, D.A. Falk, K.F. Suckling, T.W. Swetnam, T. Schulke, P.B. Stacey, P. Morgan, M. Hoffman, and J.T. Klingel. 2002. Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: a broad perspective. Ecological Applications 12 (5): 1418–1433 https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1418:EROSPP]2.0.CO;2.
Google Scholar
Arno, S.F., and C.E. Fiedler. 2005. Mimicking nature’s fire – restoring fire-prone forests in the West. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
Google Scholar
Barros, A.M.G., A.A. Ager, M.A. Day, M.A. Krawchuk, and T.A. Spies. 2018. Wildfires managed for restoration enhance ecological resilience. Ecosphere 9 (3): e02161 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2161.
Google Scholar
Black, A., M. Williamson, and D. Doane. 2008. Wildland fire use barriers and facilitators. Fire Management Today 68 (1): 10–14.
Google Scholar
Boisramé, G., S. Thompson, B. Collins, and S. Stephens. 2017b. Managed wildfire effects on forest resilience and water in the Sierra Nevada. Ecosystems 20 (4): 717–732 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-0048-1.
Google Scholar
Boisramé, G.F.S., S.E. Thompson, M. Kelly, J. Cavalli, K.M. Wilkin, and S.L. Stephens. 2017a. Vegetation change during 40 years of repeated managed wildfires in the Sierra Nevada, California. Forest Ecology and Management 402: 241–252 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.07.034.
Google Scholar
Brown, J.K., S.F. Arno, S.W. Barrett, and J.P. Menakis. 1994. Comparing the prescribed natural fire program with presettlement fires in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness. International Journal of Wildland Fire 4 (3): 157–168 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF9940157.
Google Scholar
Collins, B.M., R.G. Everett, and S.L. Stephens. 2011. Impacts of fire exclusion and recent managed fire on forest structure in old growth Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Ecosphere 2 (4): 51 https://doi.org/10.1890/ES11-00026.1.
Google Scholar
Collins, B.M., M. Kelly, J.W. van Wagtendonk, and S.L. Stephens. 2007. Spatial patterns of large natural fires in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas. Landscape Ecology 22: 545–557 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-006-9047-5.
Google Scholar
Collins, B.M., J.M. Lydersen, D.L. Fry, K. Wilkin, T. Moody, and S.L. Stephens. 2016. Variability in vegetation and surface fuels across mixed-conifer-dominated landscapes with over 40 years of natural fire. Forest Ecology and Management 381: 74–83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.010.
Google Scholar
Collins, B.M., J.D. Miller, A.E. Thode, M. Kelly, J.W. van Wagtendonk, and S.L. Stephens. 2009. Interactions among wildland fires in a long-established Sierra Nevada natural fire area. Ecosystems 12 (1): 114–128 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9211-7.
Google Scholar
Collins, B.M., and S.L. Stephens. 2007a. Managing natural wildfires in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5 (10): 523–527 https://doi.org/10.1890/070007.
Google Scholar
Collins, B.M., and S.L. Stephens. 2007b. Fire scarring patterns in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas burned by multiple wildland fire use fires. Fire Ecology 3 (2): 53–67 https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0302053.
Google Scholar
Collins, B.M., and S.L. Stephens. 2010. Stand-replacing patches within a ‘mixed severity’ fire regime: quantitative characterization using recent fires in a long-established natural fire area. Landscape Ecology 25 (6): 927–939 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-010-9470-5.
Google Scholar
Covington, W.W., R.L. Everett, R. Steele, L.L. Irwin, T.A. Daer, and A.N.D. Auclair. 1994. Historical and anticipated changes in forest ecosystems of the Inland West of the United States. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2 (1–2): 13–63 https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v02n01_02.
Google Scholar
Crawford, J.A., C.-H.A. Wahren, S. Kyle, and W.H. Moir. 2001. Responses of exotic plant species to fires in Pinus ponderosa forests in northern Arizona. Journal of Vegetation Science 12 (2): 261–268 https://doi.org/10.2307/3236610.
Google Scholar
DeLuca, T.H., and A. Sala. 2006. Frequent fire alters nitrogen transformations in ponderosa pine stands of the Inland Northwest. Ecology 87 (10): 2511–2522 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2511:FFANTI]2.0.CO;2.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Esch, B.E., A.E.M. Waltz, T.N. Wasserman, and E.L. Kalies. 2018. Using best available science information: determining best and available. Journal of Forestry 116 (5): 473–480 https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvy037.
Google Scholar
Evangelista, P., T.J. Stohlgren, D. Guenther, and S. Stewart. 2004. Vegetation response to fire and postburn seeding treatments in juniper woodlands of the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah. Western North American Naturalist 64 (3): 293–305 https://www.jstor.org/stable/41717377.
Google Scholar
Floyd, M.L., D. Hanna, W.H. Romme, and T.E. Crews. 2006. Predicting and mitigating weed invasions to restore natural post-fire succession in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15 (2): 247–259 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF05066.
Google Scholar
Franklin, J.F., and K.N. Johnson. 2012. A restoration framework for federal forests in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Forestry 110 (8): 429–439 https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.10-006.
Google Scholar
Fulé, P.Z., J.E. Crouse, J.P. Roccaforte, and E.L. Kalies. 2012. Do thinning and/or burning treatments in western USA ponderosa or Jeffrey pine-dominated forests help restore natural fire behavior? Forest Ecology and Management 269: 68–81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.12.025.
Google Scholar
Fulé, P.Z., and D.C. Laughlin. 2007. Wildland fire effects on forest structure over an altitudinal gradient, Grand Canyon National Park, USA. Journal of Applied Ecology 44: 136–146 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01254.x.
Google Scholar
Hagmann, R.K., J.F. Franklin, and K.N. Johnson. 2013. Historical structure and composition of ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests in south-central Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management 304: 492–504 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.005.
Google Scholar
Haire, S.L., K. McGarigal, and C. Miller. 2013. Wilderness shapes contemporary fire size distributions across landscapes of the western United States. Ecosphere 4 (1): 15 https://doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00257.1.
Google Scholar
Hessburg, P.F., C.L. Miller, S.A. Parks, N.A. Povak, A.H. Taylor, P.E. Higuera, S.J. Prichard, M.P. North, B.M. Collins, M.D. Hurteau, A.J. Larson, C.D. Allen, S.L. Stephens, H. Rivera-Huerta, C.S. Stevens-Rumann, L.D. Daniels, Z. Gedalof, R.W. Gray, V.R. Kane, D.J. Churchill, R.K. Hagmann, T.A. Spies, C.A. Cansler, R.T. Belote, T.T. Veblen, M.A. Battaglia, C. Hoffman, C.N. Skinner, H.D. Safford, and R.B. Salter. 2019. Climate, environment, and disturbance history govern resilience of western North American forests. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7: 1–27 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00239.
Google Scholar
Higgins, A.M., K.M. Waring, and A.E. Thode. 2015. The effects of burn entry and burn severity on ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests in Grand Canyon National Park. International Journal of Wildland Fire 24 (4): 495–506 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF13111.
Google Scholar
Hjerpe, E., J. Abrams, and D.R. Becker. 2009. Socioeconomic barriers and the role of biomass utilization in southwestern ponderosa pine restoration. Ecological Restoration 27 (2): 169–177 https://doi.org/10.3368/er.27.2.169.
Google Scholar
Holden, Z.A., P. Morgan, and J.S. Evans. 2009. A predictive model of burn severity based on 20-year satellite-inferred burn severity data in a large southwestern US wilderness area. Forest Ecology and Management 258 (11): 2399–2406 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.08.017.
Google Scholar
Holden, Z.A., P. Morgan, M.G. Rollins, and K. Kavanagh. 2007. Effects of multiple wildland fires on ponderosa pine stand structure in two southwestern wilderness areas, USA. Fire Ecology 3 (2): 18–33 https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0302018.
Google Scholar
Holden, Z.A., P. Morgan, M.G. Rollins, and R.G. Wright. 2006. Ponderosa pine snag densities following multiple fires in the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 221 (1–3): 140–146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.09.014.
Google Scholar
Hopkins, T., A.J. Larson, and R.T. Belote. 2014. Contrasting effects of wildfire and ecological restoration in old-growth western larch forests. Forest Science 60 (5): 1005–1013 https://doi.org/10.5849/forsci.13-088.
Google Scholar
Huffman, D.W., J.E. Crouse, A.J. Sánchez Meador, J.D. Springer, and M.T. Stoddard. 2018. Restoration benefits of re-entry with resource objective wildfire on a ponderosa pine landscape in northern Arizona, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 408: 16–24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.10.032.
Google Scholar
Huffman, D.W., A.J. Sánchez Meador, M.T. Stoddard, J.E. Crouse, and J.P. Roccaforte. 2017. Efficacy of resource objective wildfires for restoration of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in northern Arizona. Forest Ecology and Management 389: 395–403 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.12.036.
Google Scholar
Hunter, M. 2007. Wildland fires use in southwestern forests: an underutilized management option? Natural Resources Journal 47 (2): 257–266.
Google Scholar
Hunter, M.E., J.M. Iniguez, and L.B. Lentile. 2011. Short- and long-term effects on fuels, forest structure, and wildfire potential from prescribed fire and resource benefit fire in southwestern forests, USA. Fire Ecology 7 (3): 108–121 https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0703108.
Google Scholar
Kane, V.R., J.A. Lutz, S.L. Roberts, D.F. Smith, R.J. McGaughey, N.A. Povak, and M.L. Brooks. 2013. Landscape-scale effects of fire severity on mixed-conifer and red fir forest structure in Yosemite National Park. Forest Ecology and Management 287: 17–31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.044.
Google Scholar
Keeling, E.G., A. Sala, and T.H. DeLuca. 2006. Effects of fire exclusion on forest structure and composition in unlogged ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests. Forest Ecology and Management 237 (1–3): 418–428 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.064.
Google Scholar
Kolb, T.E., J.K. Agee, P.Z. Fulé, N.G. McDowell, K. Pearson, A. Sala, and R.H. Waring. 2007. Perpetuating old ponderosa pine. Forest Ecology and Management 249 (3): 141–157 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.002.
Google Scholar
Kuenzi, A.M., P.Z. Fulé, and C. Hull Sieg. 2008. Effects of fire severity and pre-fire stand treatment on plant community recovery after a large wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management 255 (3-4): 855–865 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.001.
Google Scholar
Landres, P.B., P. Morgan, and F.J. Swanson. 1999. Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecological Applications 9 (4): 1179–1188 https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1179:OOTUON]2.0.CO;2.
Google Scholar
Larson, A.J., R.T. Belote, C.A. Cansler, S.A. Parks, and M.S. Dietz. 2013. Latent resilience in ponderosa pine forest: effects of resumed frequent fire. Ecological Applications 23 (6): 1243–1249 https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0066.1.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Laughlin, D.C., J.D. Bakker, M.T. Stoddard, M.L. Daniels, J.D. Springer, C.N. Gildar, A.M. Green, and W.W. Covington. 2004. Toward reference conditions: wildfire effects on flora in an old-growth ponderosa pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management 199 (1): 137–152 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.034.
Google Scholar
Laughlin, D.C., and P.Z. Fulé. 2008. Wildland fire effects on understory plant communities in two fire-prone forests. Canadian Journal of Forestry 38 (1): 133–142 https://doi.org/10.1139/X07-118.
Google Scholar
Laughlin, D.C., R.T. Strahan, M.M. Moore, P.Z. Fulé, D.W. Huffman, and W.W. Covington. 2017. The hierarchy of predictability in ecological restoration: are vegetation structure and functional diversity more predictable than community composition? Journal of Applied Ecology 54 (4): 1058–1069 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12935.
Google Scholar
McIver, J.D., S.L. Stephens, J.K. Agee, J. Barbour, R.E.J. Boerner, C.B. Edminster, K.L. Erickson, K.L. Farris, C.J. Fettig, C.E. Fiedler, S. Haase, S.C. Hart, J.E. Keeley, E.E. Knapp, J.F. Lehmkuhl, J.J. Moghaddas, W. Otrosina, K.W. Outcalt, D.W. Schwilk, C.N. Skinner, T.A. Waldrop, C.P. Weatherspoon, D.A. Yaussy, A. Youngblood, and S. Zack. 2013. Ecological effects of alternative fuel-reduction treatments: highlights of the National Fire and Fire Surrogate study (FFS). International Journal of Wildland Fire 22 (1): 63–82 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF11130.
Google Scholar
Merrill, E.H., H.F. Mayland, and J.M. Peek. 1980. Effects of a fall wildfire on herbaceous vegetation on xeric sites in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho. Journal of Range Management 33 (5): 363–367.
Google Scholar
Meyer, M.D. 2015. Forest fire severity patterns of resource objective wildfires in the southern Sierra Nevada. Journal of Forestry 113 (1): 49–56 https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.14-084.
Google Scholar
Miller, C., and P. Landres. 2004. Exploring information needs for wildland fire and fuels management. In USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-127. Fort Collins: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-127.
Google Scholar
Miller, J.D., B.M. Collins, J.A. Lutz, S.L. Stephens, J.W. van Wagtendonk, and D.A. Yasuda. 2012. Differences in wildfires among ecoregions and land management agencies in the Sierra Nevada region, California, USA. Ecosphere 3 (9): 80 https://doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00158.1.
Google Scholar
Nesmith, J.C.B., A.C. Caprio, A.H. Pfaff, T.W. McGinnis, and J.E. Keeley. 2011. A comparison of effects from prescribed fires and wildfires managed for resource objectives in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Forest Ecology and Management 261 (7): 1275–1282 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.01.006.
Google Scholar
Nicholls, D.L., J.M. Halbrook, M.E. Benedum, H.-S. Han, E.C. Lowell, D.R. Becker, and R.J. Barbour. 2018. Socioeconomic constraints to biomass removal from forest lands for fire risk reduction in the western U.S. Forests 9 (5): 264 https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050264.
Google Scholar
North, M.P., S.L. Stephens, B.M. Collins, J.K. Agee, G. Aplet, J.F. Franklin, and P.Z. Fulé. 2015. Reform forest fire management – agency incentives undermine policy effectiveness. Science 349 (6254): 1280–1281 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2356.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Noss, R.F., P. Beier, W.W. Covington, R.E. Grumbine, D.B. Lindermayer, J.W. Prather, F. Schmiegelow, T.D. Sisk, and D.J. Vosick. 2006. Recommendations for integrating restoration ecology and conservation biology in ponderosa pine forests of the southwestern United States. Restoration Ecology 14 (1): 4–10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00099.x.
Google Scholar
Parks, S.A., C. Miller, C.R. Nelson, and Z.A. Holden. 2014. Previous fires moderate burn severity of subsequent wildland fires in two large western US wilderness areas. Ecosystems 17: 29–42 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-013-9704-x.
Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.T., A.J. Sánchez Meador, J.A. Youtz, T. Nicolet, M.S. Matonis, P.L. Jackson, D.G. DeLorenzo, and A.D. Graves. 2013. Restoring composition and structure in Southwestern frequent-fire forests: a science-based framework for improving ecosystem resiliency. In USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-310. Fort Collins: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-310.
Google Scholar
Roberts, S.L., D.A. Kelt, J.W. van Wagtendonk, A.K. Miles, and M.D. Meyer. 2015. Effects of fire on small mammal communities in frequent-fire forests in California. Journal of Mammalogy 96 (1): 107–119 https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyu011.
Google Scholar
Roccaforte, J.P., A. Sánchez Meador, A.E.M. Waltz, M.L. Gaylord, M.T. Stoddard, and D.W. Huffman. 2018. Delayed tree mortality, bark beetle activity, and regeneration dynamics five years following the Wallow Fire, Arizona, USA: assessing trajectories towards resiliency. Forest Ecology and Management 428: 20–26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.06.012.
Google Scholar
Rollins, M.G., T.W. Swetnam, and P. Morgan. 2001. Evaluating a century of fire patterns in two Rocky Mountain wilderness areas using digital fire atlases. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31 (12): 2107–2123 https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-141.
Google Scholar
Romme, W.H., G.D. Hayward, and C. Regan. 2012. A framework for applying the historical range of variation concept to ecosystem management. Chapter 17 in. In Historical environmental variation in conservation and natural resource management, ed. J.A. Wiens, G.D. Hayward, H.D. Safford, and C.M. Giffen. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118329726.ch17.
Google Scholar
Sánchez Meador, A., J.D. Springer, D.W. Huffman, M.A. Bowker, and J.E. Crouse. 2017. Soil functional responses to ecological restoration treatments in frequent-fire forests of the western United States: a systematic review. Restoration Ecology 25 (4): 497–508 https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12535.
Google Scholar
Schmidt, L., M.G. Hille, and S.L. Stephens. 2006. Restoring northern Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest composition and structure with prescribed fires of varying intensities. Fire Ecology 2 (2): 20–33 https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0202020.
Google Scholar
Schoennagel, T., C.R. Nelson, D.M. Theobald, G.C. Carnwath, and T.B. Chapman. 2009. Implementation of the National Fire Plan treatments near the wildland–urban interface in the western United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (26): 10706–10711 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900991106.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schultz, C.A., T. Jedd, and R.D. Beam. 2012. The Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program: a history and overview of the first projects. Journal of Forestry 110 (7): 381–391 https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.11-082.
Google Scholar
Steel, Z.L., M.J. Koontz, and H.D. Safford. 2018. The changing landscape of wildfire: burn pattern trends and implications for California’s yellow pine and mixed conifer forests. Landscape Ecology 33 (7): 1159–1176 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0665-5.
Google Scholar
Steen-Adams, M.M., S. Charnley, and M.D. Adams. 2017. Historical perspective on the influence of wildfire policy, law, and informal institutions on management and forest resilience in a multiownership, frequent-fire, coupled human and natural system in Oregon. Ecology and Society 22: 23 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09399-220323.
Google Scholar
Stephens, S.L., B.M. Collins, E. Biber, and P.Z. Fulé. 2016. U.S. federal fire and forest policy: emphasizing resilience in dry forests. Ecosphere 7 (11): e01584 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1584.
Google Scholar
Strahan, R.T., A.J. Sánchez Meador, D.W. Huffman, and D.C. Laughlin. 2016. Shifts in community-level traits and functional diversity in a mixed conifer forest: a legacy of land-use change. Journal of Applied Ecology 53: 1755–1765 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12737.
Google Scholar
van Wagtendonk, J.W. 2007. The history and evolution of wildland fire use. Fire Ecology 3 (2): 3–17 https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0302003.
Google Scholar
van Wagtendonk, J.W., K.A. van Wagtendonk, and A.E. Thode. 2012. Factors associated with the severity of intersecting fires in Yosemite National Park, California, USA. Fire Ecology 8 (1): 11–31.
Google Scholar
Waltz, A.E.M., M.T. Stoddard, E.L. Kalies, J.D. Springer, D.W. Huffman, and A. Sánchez Meador. 2014. Effectiveness of fuel reduction treatments: assessing metrics of forest resiliency and wildfire severity after the Wallow Fire. Forest Ecology and Management 334: 43–52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.08.026.
Google Scholar
Whelan, R.J. 1995. The ecology of fire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
White, P.S., and J.L. Walker. 1997. Approximating nature’s variation: selecting and using reference information in restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 5 (4): 338–349 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.00547.x.
Google Scholar